TOPIC+8

Energy: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect04.htm

Photosynthesis: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect10.htm


 * __ 8.1 Cell respiration __**

whereas **Reduction** frequently involves losing oxygen or **gaining hydrogen**. (NAD+ + H+ -> NADH) __ NB: Where you find a reduction you also find an oxidation!! __
 * OIL RIG: ** Oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, whereas reduction involves a gain of electrons;
 * Oxidation ** frequently involves gaining oxygen or **losing hydrogen** (NADH -> NAD+ + H+),


 * __ 1.Glycolysis __** : In the cytoplasm, one hexose sugar is converted into two three-carbon atom compounds (**pyruvate)** with a net gain of __two ATP__ and __two NADH + H+.__
 * Phosphorylation: ** glucose -> hexose biphosphate (ATP -> ADP twice)
 * Lysis: ** hexose biphosphate splits into two triose phosphates
 * Oxidation ** : triose is Oxidized as NAD+ is reduced, triose biphosphate is formed by phosphorylation
 * ATP formation: ** Finally each triose biphosphate gives up its 2 phosphates to ADP and **pyruvate** results.

Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs.

|| From Biology (3rd Ed by Weem)
 * || [[image:Mitochondrion.png]]
 * __ Aerobic respiration: __**
 * 2.The link reaction: ** In aerobic respiration (in mitochondria in eukaryotes), each pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 removed). The remaining two-carbon molecule (acetyl group) reacts with reduced coenzyme A, and, at the same time, one NADH + H+ is formed. This is known as the link reaction.
 * 2.The link reaction: ** In aerobic respiration (in mitochondria in eukaryotes), each pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 removed). The remaining two-carbon molecule (acetyl group) reacts with reduced coenzyme A, and, at the same time, one NADH + H+ is formed. This is known as the link reaction.


 * 3. The Krebs cycle ** :

In the Krebs cycle, each acetyl group (CH3CO) formed in the link reaction yields two CO2. The names of the intermediate compounds in the cycle are not required. Thus it would be acceptable to

note : C 2 + C 4 è C 6 è C 5 and so on.

There is a big yield of energy carrying molecules from the Krebs cycle (see below) can you label on the diagram above where they are generated, refer to your notes if needed:

clue= the alphabet? .  **__ The electron transport chain, Chemiosmosis & Oxidative phosphorylation __** : In the ETC the hydrogen atoms from NADH gradually release all their energy to form ATP, and are finally combined with oxygen to form water. (See the workbook 8.1.4c for a good summary)


 * __ The relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function __**.
 * ** Cristae: ** a large surface area for the electron transport chain,
 * ** The small space between inner and outer membranes: ** for accumulation of protons,
 * ** The fluid matrix: ** containing enzymes of the Krebs cycle.